Assad, 59, once seen as a potential reformer after succeeding his father, Hafez Assad, in 2000, became known for his ruthless suppression of dissent. Protests against his regime in 2011 spiraled into a full-blown conflict, with Assad relying on military support from allies Iran and Russia. Allegations of war crimes, including torture and extrajudicial killings, have marred his rule.
The conflict froze in recent years as Assad regained most of Syria's territory, while opposition forces held the northwest and Kurdish groups controlled the northeast. Despite international sanctions, regional powers began reengaging with Assad, with the Arab League reinstating Syria last year and Saudi Arabia appointing an ambassador to Damascus in May.
However, a recent offensive by opposition groups in northwest Syria reversed Assad's fortunes. Government forces crumbled, and Assad's allies, distracted by other conflicts, offered limited support.
Assad's presidency began under unusual circumstances. Following the death of his elder brother in 1994, the Western-educated ophthalmologist was groomed for leadership, taking office after his father's death in 2000. Initially seen as a modernizer, Assad's image shifted as his regime resorted to brutal measures to retain power.
Assad's departure signals a turning point for Syria, though the nation's future remains uncertain amid ongoing instability.
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